Mechanics of Ventilation and Gas Exchange Practice Test 2026 – The Comprehensive All-in-One Guide to Exam Success!

During forced breathing inspiration, the diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for initiating the inhalation process by contracting and causing the thoracic cavity to expand. Along with the diaphragm, the external intercostal muscles contract to elevate the ribs further, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity even more than during normal, passive breathing. This additional action allows for a more significant intake of air, making it particularly important during activities that require heavy breathing, such as exercise.

This cooperation between the diaphragm and external intercostals enhances the efficiency of lung expansion during forced ventilation. The role of the external intercostal muscles is crucial because they help raise the ribs and expand the chest wall, which complements the downward motion of the diaphragm, promoting a larger volume of air to flow into the lungs.

Other muscles listed, like the internal intercostals and abdominals, are more involved in forced expiration rather than inspiration. The sternocleidomastoids, though they assist with neck movement and can aid in elevating the sternum, primarily activate during intense breathing rather than regular forced inhalation. Hence, the external intercostal muscles are essential in facilitating greater lung expansion during forced inspiration.